{"id":1797,"date":"2019-04-02T17:43:52","date_gmt":"2019-04-02T21:43:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hedgehogsandfoxes.org\/?page_id=1797"},"modified":"2025-06-03T12:20:36","modified_gmt":"2025-06-03T16:20:36","slug":"alexis-de-tocqueville-philosophy-of-religion-and-the-role-of-religion","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hedgehogsandfoxes.org\/index.php\/alexis-de-tocqueville-philosophy-of-religion-and-the-role-of-religion\/","title":{"rendered":"Alexis de Tocqueville: Philosophy of Religion and the Role of Religion"},"content":{"rendered":"

Back to the Table of Contents<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Philosophy of Religion and the Role of Religion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Liberty cannot be established without morality, nor morality without faith.\u00a0<\/em>Thus it is, that by respecting all democratic tendencies not absolutely contrary to herself, and by making use of several of them for her own purposes,\u00a0<\/i>Religion sustains an advantageous struggle with that spirit of individual independence which is her most dangerous antagonist.<\/i><\/p>\n

Alexis de Tocqueville,\u00a0Democracy in America, Part the Second, The Social Influence of Democracy\u00a028 (Henry Reeve ed., J. & H. G. Langley Publishers 1840)<\/p>\n

Allen, Barbara,\u00a0Tocqueville, Covenant, and the Democratic Revolution: Harmonizing Earth With Heaven<\/u>\u00a0(Rowman and Littlefield: 2005).<\/p>\n

Allen, Barbara,\u00a0Tocqueville’s Analysis of Belief in a Transcendent Order, Enlightened Interest, and Democracy,\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>8(3) Journal of Theoretical Pollitics 383-414 (1998).<\/p>\n

Antoine, Agn\u00e8s,\u00a0L’impens\u00e9 de la d\u00e9mocratie: Tocqueville, la citoyennet\u00e9 et la religion<\/u>\u00a0(Paris: Fayard, 2003).<\/p>\n

Antoine, Agn\u00e8s,\u00a0Politique et religion chez Tocqueville<\/em>, 18\u00a0The Tocqueville Review<\/u>\u00a037-45 (1997).<\/p>\n

Arroyo, Alberto,\u00a0Religion in Tocqueville’s social thought<\/u>\u00a0(Dissertation, University of Akron, 1994).<\/p>\n

Bailey, Michael E., and Kristin Lindholm,\u00a0Tocqueville and the Rhetoric of Civil Religion in the Presidential Inaugural Addresses,<\/em>\u00a032(3)\u00a0Christian Scholar\u2019s review<\/u>\u00a0259-279 (Spring 2003).<\/p>\n

Balitzer, Alfred,\u00a0Politics and the “Arts of Peace”: A Study of Religion in the Political Order Drawn From the Works of Alexis de Tocqueville<\/u>\u00a0(Dissertation, Claremont Graduate School, 1972).<\/p>\n

Baron, Stephen,\u00a0Morality & Politics in Modern Life: Tocqueville & Solzhenitsyn on the Importance of Religion to Liberty<\/em>, 14(3)\u00a0Polity<\/u>\u00a0395-413 (1982).<\/p>\n

Battista, Anna Maria,\u00a0Lo spirito liberale e lo spirito religioso: Tocqueville nel dibattito sulla scuola<\/u>\u00a0(Milano: Jaca Book, 1976).<\/p>\n

Beno\u00eet, Jean-Louis,\u00a0Alexis de Tocqueville sobre las religiones, Cristianismo, hinduismo, e islam<\/u>\u00a0(Madrid, Ediciones Encuentro, 2013)(Coleccion Ensayo).<\/p>\n

Beno\u00eet, Jean-Louis,\u00a0Foi, Providence et religion chez Tocqueville<\/em>, 18\u00a0Cahiers de philosophie politique et juridique de l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Caen<\/u>\u00a0117-134 (May 1990).<\/a><\/p>\n

Beno\u00eet, Jean-Louis,\u00a0Lorsque Tocqueville \u00e9crit B son \u00e9vLque: Consid\u00e9rations tocquevilliennes sur les liens de l\u2019\u00e9glise et de\u00a0<\/em>l\u2019\u00e9tat,\u00a0Revue de la Manche<\/u>\u00a019-31 (April 2002).<\/p>\n

Beno\u00eet, Jean-Louis,\u00a0Pr<\/em>\u00e9sentation et notes,<\/em>\u00a0Alexis de Tocqueville: Notes sur le Coran et autres textes sur les religions<\/u>\u00a0(Paris: Bayard Centurion, 2007).<\/p>\n

Beno\u00eet, Jean-Louis,\u00a0\u201cSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 et religion: s\u00e9cularisation, la\u00efcit\u00e9 et politique.\u00a0<\/a>–\u00a0Les \u00e9lections am\u00e9ricaines, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 musulmane et le d\u00e9clin du catholicisme europ\u00e9en \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re du texte tocquevillien -.<\/em>\u201d (2008)<\/a><\/p>\n

Beno\u00eet, Jean-Louis,\u00a0Tocqueville:\u00a0<\/u>L’homme et la foi, le fait religieux et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/a><\/p>\n

Beno\u00eet, Jean-Louis,\u00a0Tocqueville et l’Islam<\/a>,<\/em>\u00a0Entrevue avec Abdelawhab Meddeb, Radio France, dimanche le 12 octobre 2008<\/p>\n

Bloostein, Marc J.,\u00a0The role of dogmatic religion in politics: a critical examination of the thought of Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx<\/u>\u00a0(Bachelor’s thesis, Brandeis University, 1985).<\/p>\n

Buscemi, Mauro Antonio, Rosmini e Tocqueville. Le ragioni cristiane del liberalismo (Naples: Editoriale Scientifica, 2020) (Settore SPS\/02 – Storia Delle Dottrine Politiche).<\/p>\n

Caplow, Theodore,\u00a0Constrasting trends in European and American religion<\/em>, 46(2)\u00a0Sociological Analysis<\/u>\u00a0101-108 (1985).<\/p>\n

Caplow, Theodore,\u00a0Response to Professor Wallis<\/em>, 47(1)\u00a0Sociological Analysis<\/u>\u00a053 (1986). Reply to Roy Wallis,\u00a0The Caplow-de Tocqueville Account of Contrasts in European and American Religion: Confounding Considerations<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Cliteur, Paul,\u00a0A Secular Reading of Alexis de Tocqueville,<\/em>\u00a0in\u00a0Reading Tocqueville: From Oracle to Actor<\/u>\u00a0112-132 (Raf Geenens and Annelien de Dijn eds.; Palgrave MacMillan, New York, 2007).<\/a><\/p>\n

Dalton, Lisle, Phillip E. Hammond, Julie Ingersoll, and David Machacek,\u00a0Bringing Tocqueville in: remedying a neglect in the sociology of religion<\/em>, 31\u00a0Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion<\/u>\u00a0395-407 (December 1992).<\/p>\n

Esteban Duque, Roberto,\u00a0La religi\u00f3n en el espacio p\u00fablico: El pensamiento de Alexis de Tocqueville y J\u00fcrgen Habermas (Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, 2018) (Astrolabio Religi\u00f3n).<\/span><\/p>\n

Etkind, Aleksandr,\u00a0Inaia svoboda: Pushkin, Tokvil’ i demokratiia v Rossii<\/em>, 6\u00a0Znamia: Literaturno-Khudozhestvennyi i\u00a0<\/u>Obshchestvenno-Politicheskii Zhurnal<\/u>\u00a0179-203 (June 1999).<\/p>\n

Fishman, Joel,\u00a0Hidden in Plain Sight: Alexis de Tocqueville’s Recognition of the Jewish Origin of the Idea of Equality,<\/em>\u00a017 Jewish Political Studies Review 3\/4 (Fall 2005).<\/a><\/p>\n

Galston, William A.,\u00a0Tocqueville on Liberalism and Religion<\/em>, 54(3)\u00a0Social Research<\/u>\u00a0499-518 (1987).<\/p>\n

Gauchet, Marcel,\u00a0Tocqueville; primitive religion and the origins of the state<\/em>, in\u00a0New French Thought: Political Philosophy<\/u>\u00a0(Mark Lilla ed.; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994)(New French Thought).<\/p>\n

Goldstein, Doris Silk,\u00a0Church and Society: A Study of the Religious Outlook of Alexis de Tocqueville<\/u>\u00a0(Dissertation, Bryn Mawr College, 1955).<\/p>\n

Goldstein, Doris Silk,\u00a0The Religious Beliefs of Alexis de Tocqueville,<\/em>\u00a01\u00a0French Historical Studies<\/u>\u00a0379-393 (Fall 1960).<\/p>\n

Goldstein, Doris Silk,\u00a0Trial of faith: religion and politics in Tocqueville’s thought<\/u>\u00a0(NY: Elsevier, 1975).<\/p>\n

Graebner, Norman,\u00a0Christianity and Democracy: Tocqueville’s Views of Religion in America,<\/em>\u00a065(3)\u00a0The Journal of Religion<\/u>\u00a0263-273 (July 1976).<\/p>\n

Hansen, Klaus,\u00a0The Changing Fortunes of Tocqueville’s\u00a0Democracy in America<\/u><\/em>, 89\u00a0Queen’s Quarterly<\/u>\u00a0233-237 (Spring 1982).<\/p>\n

Hashemi, Nader,\u00a0Islam, Democracy and Alexis de Tocqueville,<\/em>\u00a0110(1)\u00a0Queen\u2019s Quarterly<\/u>\u00a021-29 (Spring 2003).<\/p>\n

Herold, Aaron L., The Democratic Soul: Spinoza, Tocqueville, and Enlightenment Theology (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021).<\/span><\/p>\n

Hidalgo, Oliver,\u00a0Religion,\u00a0<\/em>Virtue and the Ennobling of Democracy: Tocqueville’s Vision of Civic Society,<\/em>\u00a0in\u00a0Tocquevillian Ideas: \u00a0Contemporary European Perspectives<\/u>\u00a099-110 (Zbigniew Rau and Marek Tracz-Tryniecki eds.; Lanham: University Press of America, 2014).<\/p>\n

Hildago, Oliver,\u00a0Unbehagliche Moderne : Tocqueville und die Frage der Religion in der\u00a0 Politik<\/u>\u00a0(Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 2006).<\/p>\n

Hinckley, Cynthia J.,\u00a0The Role of Religion in the Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville<\/u>\u00a0(Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1986).<\/p>\n

Hinckley, Cynthia J.,\u00a0Tocqueville on Religion and Modernity: Making Catholicism Safe for Liberal Democracy<\/em>, 32\u00a0Journal of Church and State<\/u>\u00a0325-341 (Spring 1990).<\/p>\n

Hinckley, Cynthia J.,\u00a0Tocqueville on Religious Truth & Political Necessity<\/em>, 23\u00a0Polity<\/u>\u00a039 (Fall 1990).<\/p>\n

Holloway, Carson,\u00a0Tocqueville on Christianity and American Democracy,<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>The Heritage Foundation, March 7, 2016.<\/p>\n

Johnston, William E. Jr.,\u00a0Finding the common good amidst democracy’s strange melancholy: Tocqueville on religion and the American’s “disgust with life”<\/em>, 75\u00a0Journal of Religion<\/u>\u00a044 (January 1995).<\/p>\n

Kelly, C.,\u00a0Civil and uncivil religions: Tocqueville on Hinduism and Islam<\/em>, in\u00a0Nation or Integration?: Perspectives on Europe in the 90’s<\/u>\u00a0845-850 (NY: Pergamon Press, 1995).<\/p>\n

Kelly, George Armstrong,\u00a0Faith, Freedom and Disenchantment: Politics and the American Religious Consciousness<\/em>, 111(1)\u00a0Daedalus<\/u>\u00a0127-148 (1982).<\/p>\n

Kessler, Sanford,\u00a0Tocqueville’s civil religion: American Christianity and the prospects for freedom<\/u>\u00a0(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994)(SUNY Series in Religion, Culture, and Society).<\/p>\n

Kessler, Sanford,\u00a0Tocqueville on Civil Religion and Liberal Democracy,<\/em>\u00a039(1)\u00a0Journal of Politics<\/u>\u00a0119-146 (1977).<\/p>\n

Kessler, Sanford,\u00a0Tocqueville’s Puritans: Christianity and the American Founding<\/em>, 54(3)\u00a0Journal of Politics<\/u>\u00a0776-792 (1992).<\/p>\n

Kissam, P. C.,\u00a0Alexis de Tocqueville and American Constitutional Law: On Democracy, the Majority Will, Individual Rights, Federalism, Religion, Civic Associations, and Originalist Constitutional Theory,<\/em>\u00a059 Maine Law Review 35-74 (2007).<\/p>\n

Knee, Philip,\u00a0Religion et souverain\u00e9t\u00e9 du peuple: de Rousseau \u00e0 Tocqueville<\/em>, 23\u00a0Canadian Journal of Political Science<\/u>\u00a0211 (June 1990). “Religion and the supremacy of the people: from Rousseau to Tocqueville.”<\/p>\n

Koritansky, John C.,\u00a0Civil Religion in Tocqueville’s\u00a0Democracy in America<\/u><\/em>, 17(3)\u00a0Interpretation<\/u>\u00a0389 (Spring 1990).<\/p>\n

Lawler, Peter Augustine,\u00a0Tocqueville on Pantheism, Materialism, and Catholicism,\u00a0<\/em>30(4)\u00a0Perspectives on Political Science<\/u>\u00a0218 (Fall 2001).<\/p>\n

Lawyer, John E. Jr.,\u00a0Tocqueville on the Religious Foundations of Democracy,<\/em>\u00a042(4)\u00a0American Benedictine Review<\/u>\u00a0418-435 (December 1991).<\/p>\n

Leroux, Georges,\u00a0Tocqueville et les religions<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Lukacs, John, and Doris S. Goldstein,\u00a0Comment on Tocqueville Article,\u00a0<\/em>2 French Historical Studies 123-126 (Spring 1961).<\/p>\n

This explains why religious nations have so often achieved such lasting results; for while they were thinking only of the other world,\u00a0they had found out the great secret of success in this.\u00a0Religions give men a general habit of conducting themselves with a view of futurity; in this respect they are not less useful to happiness in this life than to felicity hereafter; and this is one of their chief political characteristics.<\/em><\/p>\n

Alexis de Tocqueville,\u00a0Democracy in America, Part the Second, The Social Influence of Democracy\u00a0159 (Henry Reeve ed., J. & H. G. Langley Publishers 1840)<\/p>\n

Mabee, Charles,\u00a0Religion and Technology in America: A Generation after Tocqueville<\/em>, in\u00a0Perspectives on American Business<\/u>\u00a039-44 (Don Harkness ed.; Tampa, FL: American Studies Press, 1982).<\/p>\n

Maguire, Matthew William,\u00a0The Conversion of Enlightenment<\/u>\u00a0(Dissertation, Harvard University, 1999).<\/p>\n

Mastrangelo, James Ellliot Fricker,\u00a0City of Gods: The Rationalization of Spiritual Thought in America and the Erosion of the Foundation of Democrat Liberalism<\/u>\u00a0(Dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, 2009).<\/p>\n

Matsumoto, Reiji,\u00a0Kokuviru kenkyu: kazoku, shukyo, kokka to demokurashi<\/u>\u00a0(Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1991). On Tocqueville and religion.<\/p>\n

McLendon, Michael,\u00a0Tocqueville, Jansenism, and the Psychology of Freedom,\u00a0<\/em>50(3)\u00a0American Journal of Political Science<\/u>\u00a0664 (July 2006).<\/p>\n

Melonio, Fran\u00e7oise,\u00a0La Religion selon Tocqueville: Ordre moral ou esprit de libert\u00e9?<\/em>\u00a0360(1)\u00a0\u00c9tudes<\/u>\u00a073-88 (January 1984).<\/p>\n

Merta, Tomasz,\u00a0Tocqueville i religia<\/em>, 11 Spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwo Otwarte 30-32 (1997) Translation of article title:\u00a0Tocqueville and Religion.\u00a0Dr. Merta perished in the tragic air disaster of April 10, 2010, near Smolensk, Russia.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Mitchell, Harvey,\u00a0Tocqueville\u2019s Flight From Doubt and His Search for Certainty: Skepticism in a Democratic Age,<\/em>\u00a0in\u00a0The Skeptical Tradition Around 1800: Skepticism in Philosophy, Science, and Society<\/u>\u00a0261-279 (J. van der Zande and Richard H. Popkin eds.; Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998).<\/p>\n

Nef, John,\u00a0La Verit\u00e9, la foi et la civilisation: Tocqueville et Gobineau<\/em>, 180\u00a0La Table Ronde<\/u>\u00a017-39 (1963). Translated by Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Duparc.<\/p>\n

Novak, Michael,\u00a0Democracy & Religion in America: Tocqueville’s Surprising Linkage<\/em>,\u00a0National Review Online<\/u>, October 2, 2002.<\/a><\/p>\n

Ossewaarde, Marinus R. R.,\u00a0Tocqueville’s Christian Citizen<\/em>, 8(3)\u00a0Logos<\/u>\u00a040-66 (2005).<\/p>\n

Owen, J. Judd, Making Religion Safe For Democracy: Transformation From Hobess To Tocqueville (Cambridge University Press, 2016).<\/p>\n

Pecora, Gaetano,\u00a0Democrazia e religione nel pensiero di Tocqueville<\/em>,\u00a0Mondoperaio<\/u>, June\/July 1991, at 89-101.<\/p>\n

Raico, Ralph,\u00a0The Place of Religion in the Liberal Philosophy of Constant, Tocqueville, and Lord Acton<\/u>\u00a0(Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1971).<\/p>\n

Raico, Ralph, The Place of Religion in the Liberal Philosophy of Constant, Tocqueville, and Lord Acton (Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010).<\/p>\n

Raico, Ralph, The Place of Religion in the Liberal Philosophy of Constant, Tocqueville, and Lord Acton (Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2011). Ebook edition.<\/p>\n

Rickett, Tracy,\u00a0The relationship between church and state: applying the ideas of Alexis de Tocqueville to modern day Supreme Court decisions<\/u>\u00a0(Master’s thesis, University of Virginia, 1984).<\/p>\n

Sanders, Luk,\u00a0The Strange Belief of Alexis de Tocqueville: Christianity as Philosophy,<\/em>\u00a074(11)\u00a0International Journal of Philosophy and Theology<\/u>\u00a033-53 (2013).<\/p>\n

Schleifer, James T.,\u00a0How Democracy Influences Preaching: A Previously Unpublished Fragment from Tocqueville’s\u00a0Democracy in America<\/u><\/em>, 52\u00a0Yale University Library Gazette<\/u>\u00a075-79 (1977).<\/p>\n

Schleifer, James T., Tocqueville, Religion, and Democracy in America<\/u>: Some Essential Questions, <\/em>3(2) American Political Thought 254-272 (Fall 2014).<\/p>\n

Schleifer, James T.,\u00a0Tocqueville and Religion: Some New Perspectives,<\/em>\u00a0The Tocqueville Review<\/u>\u00a0303-321 (Fall\/Winter 1982).<\/p>\n

Staib, Grahm,\u00a0Jefferson and Tocqueville on Christian Nationalism,<\/em><\/a> 7 Compass 1 (2023).<\/p>\n

Stauffer, Dana Jalbert, Tocqueville on the Modern Moral Situation: Democracy and the Decline of Devotion,<\/em> 108 American Political Science Review 772-782 (November 2014).<\/p>\n

Stephens, John James,\u00a0Religion and the church in the political philosophy of Alexis de Tocqueville<\/u>\u00a0(Master’s thesis, Washington University, 1951).<\/p>\n

Stevenson, William R. Jr.,\u00a0The American Melting Pot as Reductionist Kettle: Religious Liberty’s Worrisome Condition,<\/em>\u00a0in\u00a0Tocquevillian Ideas. Contemporary European Perspectives<\/u>\u00a0135-152 (Zbigniew Rau and Marek Tracz-Tryniecki eds.; Lanham: University Press of America, 2014).<\/p>\n

Tessitore, Aristide,\u00a0Alexis de Tocqueville on the Natural State of Religion in the Age of Democracy,<\/em>\u00a064 The Journal of Politics 1137-1162 (November 2002).<\/p>\n

Tessitore, Aristide,\u00a0Tocqueville and Gobineau on the Nature of Modern Politics,\u00a0<\/em>67(4)\u00a0Review of Politics<\/u>\u00a0631-657 (Fall 2005).<\/p>\n

Thomson, William E.,\u00a0Liberalism and the Limits of Justice: Tocqueville’s Reflections on Nobility and Spiritual Decline<\/u>\u00a0(Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1996). Two volumes.<\/p>\n

Tishman, Primrose Pratt,\u00a0The Role of Religion in Alexis de Tocqueville\u2019s \u201cDemocracy in America\u201d<\/u>\u00a0(Dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, 2004).<\/p>\n

Uhde, Ute,\u00a0Politik und Religion: zum Verhaltnis von Demokratie und Christentum bei<\/u>\u00a0Alexis de Tocqueville<\/u>\u00a0(Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1978)(Beitr\u00e4ge zur politischen Wissenschaft; 29).<\/p>\n

Van Heyningen, Kristin Diane, A Call To Disobey: Tocqueville, Religion, and Civil Disobedience (Dissertation, The University of Chicago, 2008).<\/p>\n

Venor, Scott,\u00a0Natural Religion and Human Perfectibility,<\/em>\u00a033(1)\u00a0Perspectives on Political Science<\/u>\u00a010-17 (Winter 2004).<\/p>\n

Zuckert, Catherine, The Saving Minimum? Tocqueville on the Role of Religion\u2014Then and Now, <\/em>5 American Political Thought 494-518 (June 2016).<\/p>\n\n

Tweet<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Back to the Table of Contents   Philosophy of Religion and the Role of Religion Liberty cannot be established without morality, nor morality without faith.\u00a0Thus it is, that by respecting all democratic tendencies not...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1797","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/PasVL2-sZ","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hedgehogsandfoxes.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1797","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hedgehogsandfoxes.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hedgehogsandfoxes.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hedgehogsandfoxes.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hedgehogsandfoxes.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1797"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/hedgehogsandfoxes.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1797\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6558,"href":"https:\/\/hedgehogsandfoxes.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1797\/revisions\/6558"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hedgehogsandfoxes.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1797"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}